The puzzle is this. If I were marking this as a student essay I’d be grading ‘Building Global Community’ as a B-minus. The terms are vague, obvious questions begged are ignored and historical context is missing.

But Zuckerberg and his colleagues are not fools. They have built one of the world’s most extraordinary companies ($8.8bn of revenue last quarter). They are curious and inventive. Why is their grasp of ideas, politics and history so feeble?

A cynic would say: it’s obvious that they only say what suits the company’s commercial interest. They must sound public-spirited because the fake news controversies before and after Donald Trump’s election have put them in the firing line. Look at Facebook’s new proposals to help news and journalism – a more or less straight copy of Google’s ‘Digital News Initiative’. This is what hi-tech giants do when they become unpopular: they turn a firehose of money at the media in the hope that its pundits will stop pinning blame on them.

This doesn’t explain Zuckerberg’s manifesto. It may be written in an oddly opaque language which never seems to ask what its key words (‘we’, ‘community’, ‘empower’) actually mean, but I’m left with the strong impression of someone who wants to do right. Zuckerberg has gradually acknowledged – and made fully explicit in this document – that Facebook has responsibilities that are moral and democratic. For a hi-tech company, that is a significant step

So in the spirit of previous posts (see here and here), some suggestions for the founder’s study group in Menlo Park:

1. Start with vocabulary and meanings. Begin with the word ‘community’. If a community exists not just to be but to do something, it needs a form of organisation. That form of organisation allocates power to decide. At its simplest, it might be naming the person who makes the decision when the talking has to stop. Decisions may be made by votes. Small or large, each conclusion is reached by a system designed to deal with conflicts of interest.
2. In the digital age, algorithms are a source not only of wealth but of power. The decoupling of the generation of news (by journalists) from the means of its distribution (social networks) is a major shift in information power. What a Facebook user sees is an interplay between strategies set by humans, algorithms which they design and the information which the software accumulates about an individual user’s preferences. So the distribution of power in ths new relationship is subtle, but it is still power. Networks have power which other institutions and organisations don’t. The giants of Silicon Valley have, simply by virtue of their scale, informational power which is unprecedented. Digital technology re-routes information at a speed and on a scale previously unknown. We are only just getting a handle on where and how power has been shifted by those opportunities. Private companies rarely admit their power, but to write – as Zuckerberg does – as if Facebook was a benign, self-governing collective with no decisions about how to use its power is to deny a reality plain to see.
3. Politics is the study of the distribution and use of power in societies or (as Zuckerberg would prefer) communities. ‘Building Global Community’ talks about civics but not about politics. Power is barely mentioned. But the word makes one nebulous appearance early on:

‘History is the story of how we’ve learned to come together in ever greater numbers — from tribes to cities to nations. At each step, we built social infrastructure like communities, media and governments to empower us to achieve things we couldn’t on our own.’

This account of history misses the element of choice and competing ideas in how these ‘social infrastructures’ were designed. Politics in the developed world from the 19^th century onward can be written as the contest between two aspirations: equality of economic outcome and equality of opportunity. Iterating how the best kind of society is made is not frictionless, pre-ordained or automatic: most societies argue endlessly over what is ‘just’.

4. There is a difference between people exchanging information and a state. There is a difference between people sharing information and a set of rules. Does Facebook want to be a global government or a movement? Or neither?
5. There is nothing wrong with admitting that you’re wrestling with tension between the interests of the individual and collective decisions. Facebook has always from the start been organized around satisfying individual choice (and making money from an advertising engine built round that). Now the network is forced to look at the balance between free choice and the decisions of a community. Politics has revolved around that for centuries. Don’t assume that artificial intelligence will crack it soon.
6. If you want to build a ‘global community’, you may need to decide whether its design is made by reason or emotion. People share things on social media which move or excite them. I write a post which attacks I get more hits; if I write on-the-one-hand-on-the-other, I get fewer. If Facebook wants to do good, the instinctive, emotional action of sharing which drives so much of its business model may have to give way to reasoning the best solution and the way to get to it.
7. Reasoning improves with diverse viewpoints. Zuckerberg’s essay contains one colossal sleight of hand which ought to come back to haunt him. Discussing ‘filter bubbles’ and fake news he says: “Social media already provides more diverse viewpoints than traditional media ever has.” This carefully written formulation is, strictly, true. It might be more accurate to say that digital technology provided the opportunity for millions of bloggers, tweeters and networkers to publish opinions. But the omission here is the individual, not the aggregate, experience of social networks. The individual’s feed need contain no diversity at all and often doesn’t. Zuckerberg says that in news Facebook will try to help its users ‘see a more complete picture’.
8. That’s progress, but it doesn’t deal with how the millions of filter bubbles which make up Facebook are going to be welded into a global community. Technology makes wider – if not global – connections possible. Those links can be used for good or evil. Technology does not decide how connectivity is used; people determine that. A social network such as Facebook which makes individual choice its guiding principle can be used to distribute a plan for ethnic cleansing as easily as to circulate a church cleaning rota.
9. The public sphere in a democracy is a peaceful battleground for competing ideas. Those systems usually provide for one set of ideas to win out at elections (and less often in referendums). Democracy requires citizens to rank ideas. The idea of the ‘public interest’ is a utilitarian idea: it rests on an assumption that chosen people (often politicians or judges) can estimate the greatest benefit to the greatest number. Voters may listen to politicians and pundits for advice. The idea of expertise is out of fashion, but when people do find the established media useful it may be because it surfaces facts or opinions which people want to learn. Some of this information is more insightful, more accurate and more valuable than other bits.
10. You may think this summary of democratic communication very obvious, naive or hopelessly old-fashioned. But I mention it because no mention of the battle of ideas – or anything like it – occurs anywhere in Zuckerberg’s plan for building a global community. Facebook appears to rest on the unspoken assumption that all information is of equal potential value (since everyone should be comfortable with what they find on Facebook). Journalism operates on the opposite belief.
11. It’s just possible that in future centuries humans will look back at the period from the 18^th to 21^st centuries and think how odd it was that people learnt about the wider world from information intermediaries who were known as journalists. I don’t think that would be a good or even likely development (see here), but just suppose it for a moment. Try the thought exercise of imagining what the public sphere might need if there were no journalists. Any society that wished to deliberate or decide anything from rules for the ingredients of sausages to space travel would need to try to ensure that its citizens were literate in how to distinguish fact from fiction, knew how to apply tests and skepticism to what they were told and could separate emotion from reason. Or I would hope that they would think these skills useful. In short, societies would have to educate people about how they can recognise or discover the truth. Whatever may happen to journalism’s struggle to find way of persuading people to pay for it, such civic education would be good in its own right. Would Facebook help?
12. Mark Zuckerberg’s manifesto reawoke gossip that he might be considering a run for political office. I’ve no more idea about his ambitions than the next person. But if a mission to save the world isn’t a political aim, what is? But he could certainly use some political education.

Tags: Donald Trump, Facebook, Google, Mark Zuckerberg, Menlo Park

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